Apparatuses and methods for carrying out eye-related measurements

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for carrying out an eye-related measurement on a person includes a device for generating a fixation target with a holographic element. To generate the fixation target, the holographic element is illuminated by a light source. As a result of the illumination, the fixation target arises as a virtual holographic object. The eye-related measurement is conducted on an eye or the eyes of the person fixating the fixation target. Information is conveyed to the person by switching between different fixation targets.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/057,556, filed Aug. 7, 2018, which claims priority toEuropean patent application EP 17 186 214.7 filed Aug. 14, 2017, both ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates to apparatuses and methods for carryingout eye-related measurements.

BACKGROUND

Eye-related measurements should be understood generally to meanmeasurements which determine properties of a person's eyes in isolationor measure some other object, in particular a spectacle lens, vis a visa person's eyes. One example of an apparatus for measuring properties ofthe eyes themselves is a refractometer for objective refractionmeasurement, which determines the refraction of eyes at a position to beexamined and outputs it usually in the form of sphere, cylinder andaxis, as defined in DIN ISO 13666: 2012. Another example is a perimeterused to determine a person's field of view (cf. “Perimetry” in theWikipedia Article “Visual field test,” last accessed Jul. 31, 2018). Afurther example is an apparatus for generating sectional images of theanterior chamber or the retina of an eye, for example by means ofoptical coherence tomography (OCT); see Wikipedia article “OpticalCoherence Tomography,” last accessed Jul. 31, 2018. Further examplesinclude apparatuses for biometry of the eye, which allow the selectionof a patient-specific intraocular lens before a cataract operation,i.e., the selection of a lens to be inserted into the eye. An apparatusof this type is sold by the Carl Zeiss® Group under the designation IOLMaster®. By means of such eye-related measurements that determineproperties of the eye itself, measurement data (e.g., the refractionmentioned above) describing a state of the eye are thus obtained. On thebasis of the measurement data, a physician or optician can then make adiagnosis by checking whether the measurement data indicate a syndrome.In the case of refraction, the diagnosis can then amount e.g., toshort-sightedness or long-sightedness. This establishment of thediagnosis is thus a further procedure after the provision of themeasurement data by the eye-related measurement.

One example of an apparatus that measures a spectacle lens relative toan eye for the purpose of positioning the spectacle lens is a so-calledcentring apparatus. Centring apparatuses are described in WO 2005/069063A or in European Patent Applications Nos. EP 3 355 100 A1 and EP 3 355102 A1. Centring apparatuses determine so-called centring parametersthat are used by an optician for correct seating by grinding andadaptation of the spectacle lens, as explained in greater detail inthese citations.

An overview of various apparatuses for refraction and centringmeasurement is also given by the web pagewww.zeiss.com/vision-care/en_us/products.html, last accessed Jul. 31,2018. The related art discloses a wealth of further examples for theapparatuses mentioned above. Therefore, the latter will not be explainedin any greater detail here.

In the case of such apparatuses, for measurement purposes it is oftennecessary for the person who is to be examined to adopt a specificviewing direction. By way of example, in centring measurements it isoften assumed that the person has directed the gaze horizontallysubstantially into infinity.

To ensure that the person adopts a viewing direction required for therespective measurement, a fixation target is provided. In the context ofthe present application, a fixation target is understood to mean a realor virtual object or image at which the person is supposed to directhis/her gaze during the respective measurement. In this case, the objector image is virtual if it is not an actual image or object, but ratherfor example a spatially projected image or a mirror image.

Many apparatuses, e.g., the apparatus for 3D video measurement as shownatwww.rodenstock.us/us/en/lenses/rodenstock-technologies/3d-video-measurement.html,last accessed Jul. 31, 2018, operate such that the person to be examinedfixates an object, the mirror image of the person himself/herself, or alight-emitting diode fitted to the apparatus, from a relatively shortdistance, e.g., 1 m. A video camera then records images of the personwhile the latter views the fixation target thus formed. What isdisadvantageous about that is that if the person takes up his/her gazeat the fixation target, the eyes adopt a so-called convergence position,i.e., are not directed into infinity. Instead, the viewing direction ofboth eyes extends towards the point of the fixation target, which issituated relatively close to the person (for example at theabovementioned distance of 1 m). The purely geometric convergenceresulting from the position of the eyes and of the fixation target canbe compensated for computationally in this case. As explained in U.S.Pat. No. 7,384,144 B2, however, this geometric convergence does notnecessarily correspond to the actual convergence of the pair of eyes,that is to say that the actual position of the eyes when viewing thefixation target can deviate from the position determined from purelygeometric considerations. This can in turn lead to inaccuracies duringthe measurement.

Therefore, U.S. Pat. No. 7,384,144 B2 proposes an apparatus forgenerating a fixation target, in which a speckle pattern projected intoinfinity is generated by means of a laser light source through adiffractive element. For this purpose, in the case of the apparatus inU.S. Pat. No. 7,384,144 B2, the laser light is projected onto a screenvia a diffraction element to form a speckle pattern on the screen, andthe pattern is then projected into infinity by an optical system. By wayof example, the optical system can realize a magnifying glass imaging bymeans of a lens or lens group. In this case, a diffractive element is anelement that works on the basis of light diffraction, in contrast torefractive elements such as lenses, which work on the basis of lightrefraction. The speckle pattern can be superimposed with an additionalpattern, for example a cruciform pattern, as likewise explained in U.S.Pat. No. 7,384,144 B2.

By virtue of the speckle pattern being projected into infinity, theperson basically adopts a viewing direction for which the gaze isdirected into infinity. Therefore, there is no need to carry out anycompensation on account of a convergence of the eyes to a comparativelyclosely situated point.

Nevertheless, the fixation target in U.S. Pat. No. 7,384,144 B2 stillhas disadvantages. Firstly, there are persons who, on account of thesubjective proximity of the apparatus, exhibit a type of residualconvergence, that is to say that the eyes do not exactly adapt to theviewing direction of infinity.

In addition, in the case of the apparatus in accordance with the relatedart, the image is fixated by both eyes (binocular vision), wherein thetypical distance between the eyes is approximately 64 mm. Therefore, theoptical system that generates the fixation target on the basis of thelaser light is used outside its optical axis. Here, in the case of arotationally symmetrical optical system, the optical axis is the axis ofsymmetry of the system and passes in particular through centers ofcurvature of curved surfaces. Optical systems have imaging aberrationssuch as spherical aberration or distortion, which prove to be moresevere the further away from the optical axis. The imaging aberrationscan be reduced by various measures, for example by the use of asphericallenses, but this increases the costs.

Moreover, the apparatus in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 7,384,144 B2 isrelatively large. Since a traditional optical system comprisingrefractive elements, in particular lenses, is used within thisapparatus, a specific distance is maintained between the refractiveelements used and a screen onto which the laser light is projected as aspeckle pattern. The distance corresponds approximately to the focallength of the lens. The shorter the focal length of the system, thegreater the extent to which imaging aberrations become visible. On theother hand, larger focal lengths increase the structural space required.

Finally, the apparatus in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 7,384,144 B2 iscomparatively expensive. In the case of the apparatus in U.S. Pat. No.7,384,144 B2 for generating the fixation target use is made of at leastone laser, a diffractive element for generating a pattern to beprojected (in particular a speckle pattern), a screen, and an imagingoptical unit, typically consisting of one or more lenses. Each of thesecomponents contribute to the financial outlay.

US 2013/0201446 A1 discloses a hologram that encodes one or moreholographic images. The holographic images can be used as eye charts orfor eye training. In this case, the holographic images can be generatedsubstantially at infinity or at a finite distance. Switching between theholographic images in the case of a plurality of holographic images isnot explained in this case. Moreover, the use of such holographic imagesas a fixation target is mentioned.

SUMMARY

It is an object of the disclosure to provide an apparatus and a methodfor carrying out eye-related measurement comprising a device forgenerating a fixation target in which simple switching between differentfixation targets is possible.

According to an exemplary embodiment, an apparatus for carrying out aneye-related measurement is provided which comprises a device forgenerating a fixation target and also a device for carrying out theeye-related measurement when a person looks at the fixation target. Thedevice for generating the fixation target comprises a holographicelement. The apparatus further comprises an illumination device forilluminating the holographic element.

This apparatus forms the starting point for the following aspectsaccording to exemplary embodiments:

In accordance with an aspect of the apparatus, the illumination deviceis configured to selectively illuminate the holographic element forgenerating a first fixation target and a second fixation target, whereinthe first fixation target differs from the second fixation target withregard to position and/or color and/or shape of the first fixationtarget.

In accordance with another aspect of the apparatus, the illuminationdevice comprises a first light source having a first light wavelengthand a second light source having a second light wavelength, whichdiffers from a first light wavelength, wherein the holographic elementis configured to generate the fixation target with a color correspondingto the first light wavelength upon illumination by the first lightsource and the fixation target with a color corresponding to the secondlight wavelength upon illumination by the second light source.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the apparatus, the illuminationdevice is configured to illuminate the holographic element selectivelyto a first illumination type or a second illumination type, wherein thefirst illumination type differs from the second illumination type withregard to an illumination angle and/or a wavelength and/or anillumination location,

-   -   i) wherein the holographic element is configured to generate the        fixation target with a first shape upon illumination with the        first illumination type, and is configured to generate the        fixation target with a second shape upon illumination with the        second illumination type, the second shape differing from the        first shape.

In accordance with another aspect of the apparatus, the illuminationdevice is configured to illuminate the holographic element selectivelyto a first illumination type or a second illumination type, wherein thefirst illumination type differs from the second illumination type withregard to an illumination angle and/or with regard to a wavelengthand/or with regard to an illumination location, wherein the holographicelement is configured to generate the fixation target upon illuminationwith the first illumination type and to generate a further fixationtarget at a different position from the fixation target uponillumination with the second illumination type.

Compared with US 2013/0201446 A1, these aspects enable simple switchingbetween fixation targets of different shapes, colors and/or positions.This will be explained in even greater detail below.

The device for carrying out the eye-related measurement can be anydevice known to the skilled artisan per se, for example, a centringdevice, a refractometer, a perimeter, a device for generating sectionalimages of the anterior chamber or of the retina, or a device forbiometry of the eye, such as have been explained in the introduction.Since, as explained in the introduction, such devices are known per sein many variants and the present invention relates in particular to theconfiguration of the device for generating the fixation target, thedevice for carrying out the eye-related measurement itself is notexplained in any greater detail here.

If the device for generating the fixation target comprises a holographicelement and an illumination device, then the illumination device cancomprise one or more light sources to illuminate the holographicelement. In particular, a laser light source such as a laser diode canserve as light source, wherein other types of light sources are alsousable for example in the case of white light holograms.

A holographic element is a component that comprises one or moreholograms. In this case, a hologram is a type of image which, incontrast to a normal photograph, records not just intensity of incidentlight, but rather intensity and phase. In this case, the image recordingtakes place with the aid of interference, for which purpose coherentlight, generally a laser beam, is used, which is expanded by means ofdiverging lenses, for example. In this case, on a light-sensitivematerial, a reference beam is brought to interference with anillumination beam that illuminates an object recorded on the hologram.The light-sensitive material thus exposed, after a development step, caneither serve directly as a hologram or be used for producingcorresponding holograms by replication methods. A large number ofholograms of identical type can be produced cost-effectively in thisway. If the hologram is then illuminated with corresponding coherentlight from that direction from which the reference beam impinged on thelight-sensitive material during image recording, the object appears atthe location at which the object was situated during image recording. Inanother type of holograms, also referred to as a holographicground-glass screen, two light beams are brought to interference,wherein in this case no object is present in the illumination beam,rather the illumination beam emanates from a point. In this regard, aholographic ground-glass screen can be produced in which the hologramcan then be scanned from the direction of the reference wave by a laserand an object then arises for instance at the location of the point ofthe illumination beam. The shape of the object is defined by the laserlight being switched on and off during scanning. This principle is alsoused for example for data projection, as described in US 2018/0024361A1.

Further details concerning the production of holograms can be found forexample in the Wikipedia article “Holography,” last accessed Jul. 31,2018. As explained in the article mentioned above, holograms can beclassified according to various properties, in particular as volume,surface holograms, amplitude holograms, or phase holograms. In the caseof volume holograms, the holographic information (i.e., an interferencepattern) is also stored in a thickness direction of the hologram,whereas in the case of surface holograms the interference is recordedsubstantially in a plane of light-sensitive material. Moreover, adistinction can be drawn between white light holograms and hologramswhich cannot be reconstructed under white light, and also true-colorholograms, wherein only volume holograms can be white light holograms.The hologram can be configured as a transmission hologram or as areflection hologram. In the case of a transmission hologram, thehologram is illuminated from one side and viewed from the other side. Inthis case, a virtual holographic object arises on the same side of thehologram from which illumination is also affected. In this case, thehologram is thus arranged between the light source of the illuminationdevice and the observer. In the case of a reflection hologram, theillumination by the light source is affected from the same side fromwhich the observer also views the hologram. These types of hologram arelikewise explained in the above Wikipedia article “Holography”. Inprinciple, any type of hologram can be used as a hologram of theholographic element, with volume holograms being typical. The latter canbe produced cost-effectively and can also contain a plurality ofholograms stacked one above another in the thickness direction, i.e., adirection perpendicular to the surface.

If the holographic element is illuminated with the illumination deviceor by an extraneous light source, the holographic element generates thefixation target as a holographic image in accordance with the aboveexplanations. In the context of the present application, the holographicimage is also referred to as a virtual holographic object. Virtualbecause it is not a real object, but rather just an image of an objectused during the production of the hologram as explained in theintroduction or—in the case of a holographic ground-glass screen asholographic element—as an image of a pattern illuminated on theholographic element by means of the light source.

As a result of the illumination by the light source, the hologram thengenerates the fixation target at a location which depends on the designduring the recording of the hologram as explained above, i.e., at thelocation at which the object was positioned during recording. Arealization as a holographic ground-glass screen as explained above islikewise possible. In this case, it is possible to realize the shape ofa projected object by corresponding scanning and driving of the lightsource, as explained in US 2018/0024361 A1 for a different application,namely data projection.

The use of a holographic element for generating the fixation target hasthe following advantages over the prior art such as in U.S. Pat. No.7,384,144 B2:

By means of the holographic element, a very good optical quality can beachieved in conjunction with low production costs. The virtual image ofthe object that is generated by the holographic element can be viewedwell from different directions. As a result, such a fixation target isvery well suited especially to the binocular use, i.e., for viewing withboth eyes. Moreover, the holographic fixation target thus generated issubjectively perceived by the person as a real fixation object floatingin space. The disadvantage of a possible residual convergence is thuseliminated. Furthermore, the hologram can be illuminated by a smalllaser light source at a relatively steep angle (if, during production,the reference beam is directed onto the light-sensitive material at acorresponding steep angle, as described above). In this regard, asmaller structural space than in the related art can be realized.Finally, compared with the related art explained above, the diffractiveelement, the screen and the optical system can be replaced by theholographic element. More expedient production than in the case of thedevice in U.S. Pat. No. 7,384,144 B2 is possible as a result.

Typically, the holographic element is configured to generate thefixation target upon illumination at a distance of at least 4 m, moretypically at least 8 m, from the holographic element. At such distancesthe convergence of the eyes when viewing the fixation target correspondsat least approximately to a gaze into infinity. Such distances can berealized in a simple manner by virtue of the fact that duringilluminating an object that is illuminated by the illumination beam isarranged at a corresponding distance from a light-sensitive materialused in the production of the hologram.

In this case, the fixation target typically has a region to be fixated,i.e., a region that the person is intended to fixate during aneye-related measurement, having an extent which corresponds to a viewingangle of <1°, particularly <0.5°, as viewed from the holographicelement. This angle substantially corresponds to the arc tangent of theextent of the region to be fixated of the fixation target divided by thedistance between the fixation target and the holographic element. Inthis case, the extent should be understood to be perpendicular to thedistance. Given a distance of 8 m, this results, e.g., in an extent ofapproximately less than 14 cm, typically less than approximately 7 cm. Adefined viewing direction of the eyes can be achieved with such a smallextent. In the case of larger extents, inaccuracies could occur herebecause the person could view different parts of an extensive fixationtarget, which would lead to corresponding different eye positions. Inthis case, the region to be fixated is a region that is distinguishablefrom other regions of the fixation target, such that the person can begiven the instruction to fixate the distinguishable region. In thiscase, the entire fixation target can have a relatively large extent(e.g., corresponding to a viewing angle of 20° or more), wherein thisangle substantially corresponds to the arc tangent of the dimension ofthe entire fixation target divided by the distance between the fixationtarget and the holographic element, to make it easier for persons withgreatly defective vision to recognize the fixation target in the firstplace.

Holograms, in particular volume holograms, are wavelength-selective andangle-selective. Wavelength-selective means that the hologram actuallygenerates an image only upon illumination with that wavelength withwhich it was illuminated (within a certain tolerance range).Angle-selective means that the hologram generates an image only uponillumination at that angle (once again with a certain tolerance) atwhich it was illuminated with the reference beam. These properties canbe utilized in the first to fourth aspects of the present application inorder to equip the device according to some embodiments for generatingthe fixation target with additional features and, by comparison with US2013/0201446 A1, to achieve simple switching between different fixationtargets having different colors, shapes and/or positions.

In exemplary embodiments as mentioned as mentioned above, the device canbe configured to generate the fixation target in different colors. Inthis case, the holographic element comprises two or more holograms whichwere generated in each case with coherent light of a differentwavelength. In the case of volume holograms, the two or more hologramscan be applied one above another in a thickness direction of thehologram. In this case, the thickness direction is a directionperpendicular to a surface of the volume hologram, in particular asurface that is illuminated for the purpose of generating the fixationtarget. However, provision alongside one another or in separateholograms is likewise possible.

Accordingly, the illumination device then comprises a plurality of lightsources of the corresponding different wavelengths (including the lightsource already mentioned) for generating fixation targets of differentcolors.

By means of the different colors, in one exemplary embodiment, a personwho is being examined by the apparatus can be given information. In thiscase, information should be understood to mean indications,instructions, and/or feedback to the person, in addition to the merepresence of a fixation target, i.e., in addition to the fact that afixation target is provided to which the person is supposed to directhis/her gaze.

By way of example, in the case of the centring apparatus described inEuropean Patent Applications Nos. EP 3 355 100 A1 and EP 3 355 102 A1,the position of the person's head can be captured by means of camerasand can be compared with a setpoint position for the centringmeasurement. By way of the color of the fixation target, the person canthen be given, as information, feedback as to whether the position ofthe head is correct, e.g., on the basis of traffic light colors red,amber, and green.

In the same way as different colors, alternatively or additionallydifferent shapes can also selectively be represented, as mentioned inthe case of the first or third aspect. For this purpose, the two or moreholograms are illuminated by means of objects having such differentshapes, or the holographic ground-glass screen mentioned above is used.The different shapes can be arrows, for example, which indicate to theperson as information the direction in which the person ought to movehis/her head to achieve a setpoint position for the measurement. Byvirtue of the fact that the fixation target itself assumes differentcolors or shapes, the person can obtain the information communicated bythe colors or shapes without averting the gaze from the fixation target.

Additionally, or in some exemplary embodiments alternatively, the devicefor generating the fixation target can be configured to generate one (ormore) further fixation targets at different positions from the fixationtarget. For this purpose, two or more holograms can be used, as in theprocedure for different colors or shapes. The holograms can be encodedsimultaneously, for example in different layers of the volume hologram,or be configured as a corresponding computer-generated hologram (CGH),see the Wikipedia article “Computer generated holography”, last accessedJul. 31, 2018.

They can be “switched” by different light sources, for example withdifferent light wavelengths (light wavelength selectivity of holograms)or by illuminations at different angles (angle selectivity ofholograms). The holograms can also be arranged in a manner spatiallyseparated in the holographic device and be illuminated separately inthis way, such that different illumination locations are used. In thisregard, by means of different illumination types (different with regardto light wavelength, illumination angle and/or illumination location),it is possible to choose and switch in a simple manner between differentcolors, shapes, and/or positions for the fixation target.

Besides different light sources for different illumination types,different illumination angles or illumination locations can also berealized with a single light source, which is then directed at theholographic element by means of movable mirrors at different anglesand/or at different locations.

While the fixation target, as explained above, can be generatable at agreat distance, >4 m or >8 m, and thus serves as a fixation target for agaze into the distance (approximately into infinity), a further fixationtarget can serve as a so-called near gaze target, i.e., be arranged at ashort distance (for example <1 m, or <50 cm, in particular approximately30 cm), that is to say in the range of a typical reading distance. Frommeasurements when the person then directs the gaze to the near gazetarget, it is possible to deduce an eye position during reading, whichcan be used for the so-called near centring. Moreover, the fulcrum ofthe eye can be determined from such measurements. The near centringserves for centring in the case of progressive lenses, which have a nearportion for near vision, in particular reading. Using the near gazetarget generated by the apparatus according to some embodiments, thenear centring and the determination of the fulcrum of the eye can becarried out in a manner known per se, for example as described in theEuropean Patent Application EP 17 174 925.2. Moreover, by means ofdifferent positions the person can also be given information, e.g., asto how his/her head is to be positioned.

As a result, in a simple manner and with little structural space, it ispossible to provide different fixation targets for different purposes.

As an alternative to the above-described optional generation of afixation target for the gaze into the distance and a further fixationtarget as a near gaze target depending on the illumination type, it isalso possible to generate a single fixation target having a first part,which is at a distance of more than 4 m from the holographic element andcan thus serve for fixation for the gaze into the distance, and a secondpart, which is at a distance of less than 1 m from the holographicelement and can thus serve as a near gaze target. In this case, thevirtual holographic object has the first part and the second part andthus a corresponding spatial extent. This variant is less typical,however, since both parts are simultaneously visible to the person to beexamined and it can therefore happen that the person directs his/hergaze at the “wrong” part for a respective eye-related measurement (e.g.,at the second part for a distance centring or the first part for thenear centring) or the person's gaze shifts back and forth between thefirst and second parts.

The device for generating the fixation target can further comprise atransparent protective covering, for example a glass plate, to protectthe device against dirt or environmental influences.

In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a method is provided,comprising:

illuminating a holographic element for generating a fixation target; and

carrying out an eye-related measurement while a person looks at thefixation target. This method forms the basis for further aspects of someembodiments corresponding to the above-discussed aspects of theapparatus, by means of which simple switching between different colors,shapes, and/or positions is achievable.

As explained for the above apparatus, a fixation target can be generatedin a simple manner with the holographic element. The eye-relatedmeasurement can in turn be any type of measurement in which a viewingdirection for the person is intended to be defined by the fixationtarget, such as the above-explained centring measurements, refractionmeasurements, biometry measurements, and the like.

The abovementioned exemplary embodiments of the apparatus cancorrespondingly also be applied to the method, with the correspondingadvantages. In this regard, the holographic element can selectively beilluminated for generating fixation targets in different colors and/orshapes, or selectively be illuminated for generating fixation targets atdifferent locations (for example as near gaze target and distance gazetarget). For this purpose, the illumination can be varied with regard tolight wavelength, illumination angle, and/or illumination location, asdescribed. The fixation target can be generated with an extent of aregion to be fixated such that a viewing angle of <1°, typically <0.5°,results for the person.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure will now be described with reference to the drawingswherein:

FIG. 1 shows an apparatus for centring measurement in accordance with anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device for generating afixation target with a transmission hologram;

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device for generating afixation target with a reflection hologram;

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device for generating afixation target selectively at different locations;

FIG. 5 shows a flow diagram for illustrating a method in accordance withan exemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of a fixation target such as isgeneratable by an apparatus according to some exemplary embodiments.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of a centring apparatus inaccordance with the disclosure. The apparatus in FIG. 1 comprises asemicircular arrangement of cameras 12, which is secured on a column 11.A person then positions himself/herself in such a way that a head 13 ofthe person, as shown in FIG. 1, is positioned in the semicircular cameraarrangement 12 and can be recorded from different directions.

The apparatus 10 in FIG. 1 further comprises a device 14 for generatinga fixation target to which the person is supposed to direct his/her gazeduring image recording. In this case, the device 14 comprises aholographic element to generate the fixation target. Exemplaryembodiments of such devices for generating a fixation target will beexplained in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 2 to 4.

The recorded images are then evaluated by a computing device 15, forexample to determine centring parameters during the centringmeasurement. Apart from the provision of the device 14 comprising aholographic element, the apparatus in FIG. 1 corresponds to theapparatuses described in European Patent Applications Nos. EP 3 355 100A1 and EP 3 355 102 A1 and will therefore not be explained any further.In particular, the apparatus 10 represents only one possible exemplaryembodiment of an apparatus for carrying out an eye-related measurementin which the device 14 for generating the fixation target can be used,as already explained initially.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device 20 for generating afixation target 29 in accordance with the disclosure. The device 20 canbe used for example as the device 14 in FIG. 1.

The device 20 in FIG. 2 comprises a glass substrate 23 with aholographic layer 24, i.e., a layer in which one or more holograms arearranged. Furthermore, the device 20 in FIG. 2 comprises a laser lightsource 28. In the case of the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 2, the laserlight source 28 is a laser diode. The laser light source 28 generates alaser beam that is expanded by an optical unit 27, whereas 26 denotes acenter axis of the laser beam expanded by optical unit 27.

The center axis 26 forms an illumination angle 25 with a line 210 thatis perpendicular to the glass substrate 23. The illumination angle ischosen in accordance with an illumination angle during production of theholographic layer 24. During illumination, a virtual holographic objectis then generated as a fixation target 29, which can be viewed by aperson's eye 21 in accordance with the line 210, which heresimultaneously indicates the viewing direction.

It should be taken into consideration that FIG. 2 is not drawn to scale,and in particular the distance between the fixation target 29 and theholographic layer 24 can be greater than appears in the drawing.Specifically, the distance can be greater than or equal to 8 m, suchthat the person's viewing direction substantially corresponds to a gazeinto infinity.

Moreover, the device 20 also comprises a glass plate 22, which protectsthe device 20 against contamination and also against damage for exampleas a result of inadvertent touching.

The holographic layer 24 in FIG. 2 operates in transmission, which meansthat, in the case of FIG. 2, the laser light source 28 and the fixationtarget 29 are arranged on the same side of the holographic layer 24,while the eye 21 is arranged on the other side. The light from the laserlight source thus passes through the holographic layer 24 (transmission)to the eye 21.

By contrast, FIG. 3 shows a device 30 that operates in reflection.Elements in FIG. 3 which correspond to elements in FIG. 2 bear the samereference signs and will not be explained again. Elements in FIG. 3which have been modified by comparison with the elements in FIG. 2 toobtain an arrangement in reflection are identified by the same referencesign increased by the number 10.

In the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 3, once again a holographic layer 34is arranged on the glass substrate 23. A laser light source 28 generatesa laser beam that is expanded by an optical unit 37. The reference sign36 denotes a center axis of the expanded beam, which forms an angle 35with respect to the perpendicular line 210 on the holographic layer 34.The angle 35 is once again chosen in accordance with an illuminationangle during production of the hologram, as explained above.

During illumination of the holographic layer 34, a virtual holographicobject is then generated as a fixation target 39, which, like thefixation target 29 in FIG. 2, can be viewed by the person in accordancewith a viewing direction along the line 210. Like FIG. 2, FIG. 3 is notto scale either, and the fixation target 39 is typically at a distanceof 8 m or more from the holographic layer 34.

The holographic layer 34 in FIG. 3 operates as a reflection hologram, asalready mentioned, that is to say that the light source 38 illuminatesthe holographic layer 34 from a side from which the holographic layer 34is also viewed by the eye 21, as illustrated, and the fixation target 39arises on the other side of the holographic layer 34. Therefore, in thiscase, the light from the laser light source 28 is reflected from theholographic layer 34 to the eye 21.

FIG. 4 shows a device 40 for selectively generating two fixationtargets. In this case, the apparatus in FIG. 4 is based on the apparatusin FIG. 2, and identical elements bear the same reference signs. Inparticular, in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 4, the fixation target29 is generated by illumination of a holographic layer 44 by the laserlight source 28 at the angle 25.

Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 4, provision is made for afurther laser light source 48 with a corresponding further optical unit47 for expanding the laser beam, which is configured to illuminate theholographic layer 44 at an angle 45 that differs from the angle 25. Inthe holographic layer 24 two holograms are stored, one for the angle 25and one for the angle 45, for example in different layers of a volumehologram. Upon illumination of the holographic layer 44 by means of thelaser light source 28, as explained above, the fixation target 29 isgenerated as fixation target. Upon illumination of the holographic layer44 by the laser light source 48, instead a virtual holographic object isgenerated as a fixation target 49, which lies nearer to the eye 21 thanthe fixation target 29 and can serve as a near gaze target as explainedfurther above. By way of example, the distance between the fixationtarget 49 and the holographic layer 44 can be between 10 and 50 cm, forexample such that the distance to the eye 21 is approximately 30 cm.

While the fixation target 49 is likewise generated on the line 210 inFIG. 4, it can also be generated away from the line 210, for example ina manner offset downwards, corresponding to a viewing direction duringreading.

In a manner corresponding to that by which different fixation targets29, 49 are generated at different locations by two lasers 28, 48 in FIG.4, additionally or alternatively, it is also possible to selectivelygenerate fixation targets with different colors and/or shapes asexplained above, which can then also be situated at the same location.

FIG. 5 shows a flow diagram of a method in accordance with anembodiment. Step 50 involves illuminating a hologram for generating afixation target, for example the holographic layer 24 from FIG. 2 forgenerating the fixation target 29, illuminating the holographic layer 34for generating the fixation target 39, or illuminating the holographiclayer 44 for generating the fixation targets 29 or 49.

Step 51 then involves carrying out an eye-related measurement while aperson looks at the fixation target. By way of example, a centringmeasurement by means of the centring apparatus 10 from FIG. 1 or anotherof the eye-related measurements mentioned in the introduction is carriedout.

FIG. 6 shows one example of a fixation target 60 such as is generatableby means of the apparatuses and methods explained above. In this case,the fixation target 60 can be generated as a bright fixation target (ina color corresponding to the color of the light source used) against adark background.

The fixation target 60 comprises a larger cross 61 and a smaller cross62, which is rotated by an angle of 45° with respect to the larger cross61, and also a central region 63, in which bars of the crosses 61, 62intersect. The terms “larger” and “smaller” should be understood here inrelative fashion, that is to say that the larger cross 61, asillustrated, is larger than the smaller cross 62.

The central region 63 represents one example of a region to be fixatedof the fixation target 60, that is to say that the person to be examinedis given the instruction (by a physician, optician or else the apparatusitself) to fixate this region. In this case, as explained, the centralregion 63 has an extent corresponding to a viewing angle of <1°, inparticular less than 0.5°. In this case, the viewing angle should beconsidered from the person's viewpoint and, in the case of fixationtargets which are generated at a large distance such as the 8 mmentioned, corresponds approximately to a viewing angle as seen from thehologram which generates the fixation target.

By comparison therewith, the entire fixation target 60 has a largerextent in order to enable persons with greatly defective vision torecognize the fixation target. In this regard, the larger cross 61 canhave an extent corresponding to a viewing angle of 20°.

The foregoing description of the exemplary embodiments of the disclosureillustrates and describes the present invention. Additionally, thedisclosure shows and describes only the exemplary embodiments but, asmentioned above, it is to be understood that the disclosure is capableof use in various other combinations, modifications, and environmentsand is capable of changes or modifications within the scope of theconcept as expressed herein, commensurate with the above teachingsand/or the skill or knowledge of the relevant art.

The term “comprising” (and its grammatical variations) as used herein isused in the inclusive sense of “having” or “including” and not in theexclusive sense of “consisting only of.” The terms “a” and “the” as usedherein are understood to encompass the plural as well as the singular.

All publications, patents and patent applications cited in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference, and for any and allpurposes, as if each individual publication, patent or patentapplication were specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference. In the case of inconsistencies, the presentdisclosure will prevail.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method for carrying out an eye-relatedmeasurement, comprising: providing a holographic element configured togenerate a first fixation target and a second fixation target, carryingout the eye-related measurement while a person directs a gaze at thefirst fixation target or the second fixation target, and selectivelyilluminating the holographic element to generate the first fixationtarget, the second fixation target, or the first fixation target and thesecond fixation target, wherein the first fixation target differs fromthe second fixation target with regard to at least one of a position, acolor, or a shape thereof.
 22. The method according to claim 21, furthercomprising: selecting at least one of the first fixation target or thesecond fixation target to communicate information to the person.
 23. Themethod according to claim 22, wherein the information indicates whethera head of the person is positioned correctly for carrying out theeye-related measurement.
 24. The method according to claim 23, furthercomprising: capturing a position of the person's head, and comparing thecaptured position of the person's head with a target position.
 25. Themethod according to claim 21, wherein selectively illuminating comprisesselectively illuminating with light of a first light wavelength or lightof a second light wavelength.
 26. The method according to claim 21,wherein selectively illuminating comprises illuminating the holographicelement in a first illumination mode or a second illumination mode, andwherein the first illumination mode differs from the second illuminationmode with regard to at least one of an illumination angle, a wavelength,or an illumination location.
 27. A method for carrying out aneye-related measurement, comprising: providing a holographic elementconfigured to generate a first fixation target and a second fixationtarget, carrying out the eye-related measurement while a person directsa gaze at the first fixation target or the second fixation target, andselectively illuminating the holographic element with light of a firstlight wavelength or light of a second light wavelength, which differsfrom a first light wavelength, wherein the holographic element isconfigured to generate the first fixation target with a colorcorresponding to the first light wavelength upon illumination with thelight of the first light wavelength and the second fixation target witha color corresponding to the second light wavelength upon illuminationwith the light with the second light wavelength.
 28. The methodaccording to claim 27, further comprising: communicating information tothe person by selectively illuminating the holographic element.
 29. Themethod according to claim 28, further comprising: capturing a positionof the person's head, and comparing the captured position of the headwith a target position, wherein the information indicates whether theperson's head is positioned correctly for carrying out the eye-relatedmeasurement.
 30. The method according to claim 28, wherein theinformation comprises at least one of indications, instructions, orfeedback to the person, in addition to a mere presence of the firstfixation target, the second fixation target, or the first fixationtarget and the second fixation target.
 31. A method for carrying out aneye-related measurement, comprising: providing a holographic elementconfigured to generate a first fixation target and a second fixationtarget, carrying out the eye-related measurement while a person directsa gaze at the first fixation target or the second fixation target, andselectively illuminating the holographic element in a first illuminationmode or a second illumination mode, wherein the first illumination modediffers from the second illumination mode with regard to at least one ofan illumination angle, a wavelength, or an illumination location, andwherein the holographic element is configured to generate the firstfixation target with a first shape upon illumination in the firstillumination mode, and is configured to generate the second fixationtarget with a second shape upon illumination in the second illuminationmode, the second shape differing from the first shape.
 32. The methodaccording to claim 31, further comprising: communicating information tothe person by selectively illuminating the holographic element in thefirst illumination mode or the second illumination mode.
 33. The methodaccording to claim 32, further comprising: capturing a position of theperson's head, and comparing the captured position of the head with atarget position, wherein the information indicates whether the person'shead is positioned correctly for carrying out the eye-relatedmeasurement.
 34. The method according to claim 32, wherein theinformation comprises at least one of indications, instructions, orfeedback to the person, in addition to a mere presence of the firstfixation target, the second fixation target, or the first fixationtarget and the second fixation target.
 35. A method for carrying out aneye-related measurement, comprising: providing a holographic elementconfigured to generate a first fixation target and a second fixationtarget, carrying out the eye-related measurement while a person directsa gaze at the first fixation target or the second fixation target, andselectively illuminating the holographic element in a first illuminationmode or a second illumination mode, wherein the first illumination modediffers from the second illumination mode with regard to at least one ofan illumination angle, a wavelength, or an illumination location, andwherein the holographic element is configured to generate the fixationtarget upon illumination in the first illumination mode and to generatethe second fixation target at a different position from the fixationtarget upon illumination in the second illumination mode.
 36. The methodaccording to claim 35, further comprising: communicating information tothe person by selectively illuminating in the first illumination mode orthe second illumination mode.
 37. The method according to claim 36,further comprising: capturing a position of the person's head, andcomparing the captured position of the person's head with a targetposition, wherein the information indicates whether the person's head ispositioned correctly for carrying out the eye-related measurement. 38.The method according to claim 36, wherein the information comprises atleast one of indications, instructions, or feedback to the person, inaddition to a mere presence of the first fixation target, the secondfixation target, or the first fixation target and the second fixationtarget.